Reproduction and Modern Technology :
- Many couples cannot have children due to various reasons.
- In case of women,
- irregularity in menstrual cycle
- difficulties in oocyte production
- obstacles in the oviduct,difficulties in implantation in uterus and
- many other reasons are responsible for this.
- Absence of sperms in the semen, slow movement of sperms, anomalies in the sperms are the reasons in case of males.
- But now with the help of advanced medical techniques like
- IVF
- Surrogacy
- Sperm bank the childless couples can have a child.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) :
- Brought about in the test-tube .
- Embryo formed is implanted in uterus of woman at appropriate time.
- IVF technique is used for having the child in case of those childless couples who have problems like less sperm count, obstacles in oviduct, etc.
Surrogacy :
- In this technique, oocyte is collected from the ovary of the woman having problem in implantation in uterus.
- That oocyte is fertilized in test-tube with the help of sperms collected from her husband.
- The embryo formed from such fertilization is implanted in the uterus of some other woman having normal uterus.
- Such a woman, in whose uterus the embryo is implanted, is called as surrogate mother.
Sperm Bank/ Semen Bank :
- This concept is similar to blood bank.
- Semen ejaculated by the desired men is collected after their thorough physical and medical check-up and stored in the sperm bank.
- As per the wish of needful couple, oocyte of woman of the concerned couple is fertilized by IVF technique using the semen from sperm bank.
- Resultant embryo is implanted in the uterus of same woman.
- Name of the semen donor is strictly kept secret as per the law.
Twins :
- Two embryos develop simultaneously in the same uterus and thus two offsprings are delivered simultaneously. Such offsprings are called as twins.
- Many couples have twins.
- There are two main types of twins as-
- Monozygotic twins and
- Dizygotic twins.
Monozygotic twins :
- Formed from single embryo.
- During early period of embryonic development (within 8 days of zygote formation), cells of that embryo divide into two groups.
- Those two groups develop as two separate embryos and thus monozygotic twins are formed.
- Such twins are genetically exactly similar to each other.
- Due to this, such twins are exactly similar in their appearance
- Their gender is also same i.e. both will be either boys or girls.
- In case of monozygotic twins, if the embryonic cells are divided into two groups 8 days after the zygote formation; there is high possibility of formation of conjoined twins (Siamese twins).
- Such twins are born with some parts of body joined to each other.
- Some organs are common in such twins.
- Occasionally, two oocytes are released from the ovary of woman.
- Both oocytes are fertilized by two separate sperms.
- Thus two zygotes are formed.
- Two embryos are formed from those two zygotes.
- Both of those embryos are separately implanted in the uterus.
- Thus dizygotic twins are delivered after complete development.
- Such twins are genetically different and may be same of different by gender.
Reproductive health :
- A person’s state of being physical, mental and social strongness is called as health.
- Occurrence of menstrual cycle is related with reproductive and overall health of women.
- Bleeding occurs during menstrual cycle.
- Due to this, private organs (genitals) need to be maintained clean time to time.
- It is essential to maintain the cleanliness of their genitals.
- Among the various sexual diseases, syphilis and gonorrhoea occur on large scale.
- Both of these diseases are caused by bacteria.
- Occurrence of chancre (patches) on various parts of body including genitals, rash, fever, inflammation of joints, alopecia.
- Painful and burning sensation during urination, oozing of pus through penis and vagina, inflammation of urinary tract, anus, throat, eyes, etc.